Recognizing the early indicators of dementia can be challenging — they often resemble everyday forgetfulness, mood shifts, or plain tiredness. Yet, these small changes may be the brain’s subtle way of signaling for support.

The earlier we spot these warning signs, the better we can respond — with compassion, understanding, and timely medical care.

This content is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor for guidance regarding your health and medical needs.

Bladder control issues

Urinary incontinence is a frequent physical symptom seen in later stages of dementia. A person may not get to the bathroom in time, forget their need to go, or lose bladder control altogether. In unfamiliar places, finding a toilet can be confusing. These challenges often lead to embarrassment, anxiety, and a growing need for support.

Struggling with familiar daily routines

Tasks that once came naturally—like dressing, cooking, or personal hygiene—can become confusing. Dementia may interfere with the brain’s ability to recall the steps involved in daily routines. For example, a person might mix up the order of getting dressed, feel overwhelmed when trying to cook, or neglect bathing due to memory lapses. These struggles typically result in greater dependence on caregivers, marking the condition’s progression.

Signs specific to Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer’s disease, the most widespread form of dementia, impacts memory, planning, and organizational abilities.

Interestingly, good dental care isn’t just about oral health—it may also support brain function. Research has found that bacteria associated with gum disease have been discovered in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. These bacteria can produce toxins that harm brain cells, contributing to the buildup of proteins linked to memory loss and cognitive decline.

Because oral bacteria can travel to the brain, maintaining healthy gums and teeth could play a role in lowering the risk of neurodegeneration.

Uncharacteristic behavior

Changes in behavior are common in dementia. A person may begin to ignore social rules they previously respected—a symptom known as disinhibition. This occurs when changes in the brain impact impulse control. As a result, individuals might say things that seem rude, behave inappropriately in public, or act impulsively, such as speaking too loudly or touching strangers.

While unsettling, these actions are not intentional—they reflect how the disease affects brain function.

Difficulties with visual-spatial awareness

Memory loss isn’t the only hallmark of dementia. It can also affect the ability to judge space and depth, recognize familiar people or objects, or navigate surroundings. These visual-spatial challenges raise the risk of getting lost, can make reading hard, and often render driving unsafe.

As these issues increase, the person may feel unsure or confused in everyday environments, worsening their sense of disorientation.

Sleep problems

Many people living with dementia struggle with disrupted sleep. They may have trouble falling asleep, wake often during the night, or feel disoriented after sunset—commonly referred to as sundowning. Even after a night’s rest, daytime fatigue is not unusual. These disturbances in the body’s natural rhythm often lead to mood changes, such as increased irritability or anxiety.